Frantz Fanon

July 25^th, 1925 – December 6^th, 1961

Frantz Fanon was a writer and political activist who invoked a revolutionary philosophy that had made him become an iconic figure since the 1960s to the 20th century. Growing up on the Caribbean island of Martinique, Fanon experienced difficulties as he possessed the darkest skin tone of his family in a very colour conscious society (Kuby, 2015). Maturing with this sensitivity, Fanon became aware of the discrimination present in his community and the colonialism that accompanied it. As a result, when Martinique had become occupied due to the Vichy Regime, Fanon left the island to fight for France in World War Two but realized that the discrimination present within the Free French movement was no different from the inequity he faced growing up (Zaller, 2017).

Fanon’s experiences pushed him to question the nature of racial identity, causing him to contribute to the critique of the self-identification ethnic movement. He published his first piece of literature named, “Black Skin, White Masks” in which he disclosed how acknowledging one’s racial identity perpetuates colonialism and racism, as well as utilizes existentialism to question the nature of one’s drives and identity (Zaller, 2017). Fanon states that those who indulge in the identification of race are driven by egoism, as they recognize their ethnicity in order to feed their drive to feel superior to one another. Fanon pursues this existentialist focus to explain that these values of superiority regarding racial identities are fueled by interactions, shaping cultures all over the world. He conveys the danger of this phenomenon, as the world will be led into desensitized discrimination from the integration of cultures incorporating this mindset. For example, Fanon argues that white men self-identify as powerful, therefore correlating this ideality with other white men. This perception of whiteness is maintained in order to achieve social control within society, creating a negative connotation projected on to the alternate race. Consequently, the idea of what it means to be black is a perception that is different from reality and races begin to compare themselves and build an aspiration to become like another or begin to form resentment for each another. This mindset creates division among races and begins to cause what Fanon feared: colonization aggravated by racism. As a result, in order to avoid such inequality among different racial categories, Fanon believed that populations should forbid from indulging in their own racial identity and seeing one another as equal regardless of appearance (Welcome, 2017). Even if one does not self-identify to put other racial categories down, the indulgence will cause division, as Fanon stated, “To us, the one who adores race is as sick as one who abominates” (Fanon, 1952).

Due to Frantz Fanon’s philosophy, an iconic standpoint has been etched in history regarding the critique of the self-identification movement. With his literature, Fanon was able to supply rich material used to decipher the struggle of independence racial groups have fought for overtime, as well as how to overcome such hardships perpetuated by colonialism and racism (Kuby, 2015). Whilst the world has not adapted to a complete lack of recognition of ethnicity, Fanon’s theory provides an outlook on humanity and their drives which aggravated the social divisions experienced today. As a result, society has grown to be more accepting towards others regardless of racial differences, which supports Frantz Fanon’s pursuits of a world that is less conscious of colour.

Rola Tuffaha

Works Cited

Kuby, Emma. “‘Our actions never cease to haunt us’: Frantz Fanon, Jean-Paul Sartre, and the

violence of the Algerian War.” Historical Reflections 41, no. 3 (2015): 60+. Academic OneFile (accessed November 12, 2017). http://go.galegroup.com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=ocul_mcmaster&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA439109595&asid=31da12e566486045534e119dc74b559d.

Welcome H. Alexander. 2017. “Snow-blind in a Blizzard of Their Own Making: Bodies of

Structural Harmony and White Male Negrophobes in the Work of Frantz Fanon.” Critical Philosophy Of Raceno. 1: 91. JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost (accessed November 9, 2017).

Zaller, Robert. 2017. “Frantz Fanon.” Salem Press Biographical EncyclopediaResearch Starters,

EBSCOhost (accessed November 9, 2017).

Other Relevant Reading

Fanon, Frantz. Black skin white masks. Translated by Richard Philcox. New York: Grove Press,

1952.

Salman Rushdie

Salman Rushdie, born in 1947, is a British-Indian novelist and essayist whose works have had enormous impacts on the world. After its publication in the autumn of 1989, Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses was declared blasphemous by muslims all over the world, which had widespread and lasting consequences. Not long after its publication, the Iranian leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, called for Rushdie’s death, with the reward for it quickly rising above five millions dollars (Mazrui, A., 1989). This caused the inevitable fallout of British-Iranian relations  (Mazrui, A., 1989). One year prior to the publication of The Satanic Verses, the Belgian Minister, Joseph Michel spoke of Europe’s conditions: “We run the risk of becoming like the Roman people, invaded by barbarian people such as Arabs, Moroccans, Yugoslavs and Turks, people who come from far afield and have nothing in common with our civilization” (Asad, T.). This statement, along with the fact that most non-European immigrants were in fact muslims, highlights the theme of muslim alienation in the West (Asad, T.). These events were representative in highlighting the concept of “mutual incomprehension” between the West and the world of Islam; both lacking the understanding of each other’s paradigms (Mazrui, A., 1989). Ayatollah Khomeini’s voice translated into the notion of “Islam versus unbelief” after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, creating a deeper polarization between the two in some sense (Piscatori, J.).  The ideologically differing notions of what constitutes “treason”, is very important in addressing this “mutual incomprehension”. Although England’s monarchy is not consistent in the separation of the state from the Royal family, the Western world significantly scrutinized Islam’s inconsistent separation of mosque and state (Mazrui, A., 1989). The West could not recognize the idea of treason to “the umma” – the Islamic community of faith – which is what Rushdie was accused of committing through many means such as defamation of Islam (Mazrui, A., 1989). As Mazrui stated, in Islam, “the concept of treason is often indistinguishable from apostasy” (Mazrui, A., 1989). Interestingly, the English law at the time stated that “polluting” or tainting the Royal bloodline and “giving aid and comfort to the King’s enemies” also constituted grounds for treason (Mazrui, A., 1989). Additionally, the US constitutionally defined treason as “levying war against them, and in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort” – though this definition was modified in the twentieth century for the sake of US ideological protection from “the threat of communism” (Mazrui, A., 1989).

Rushdie’s novel was considered a book abusing Islam almost unanimously by all muslims (Mazrui, A., 1989). It was also one which was considerably financially and morally supported by a variety of anti-muslims (Mazrui, A., 1989). Interestingly, precisely 50 years prior to the rise of “The Satanic Verses”, there was another major British controversy regarding the depiction of the prophet Muhammad (Piscatori, J). H. G. Well’s “A short history of the world” was wildly unflattering to the image of the prophet, resulting in protest rallies across Kenya, Uganda, and London – ones which were ultimately tamed by the police (Piscatori, J.).

This book brought to light questions about the validity and legitimacy of non-Christian religious recognition in the West. During the time of the publication of “The Satanic Verses”, “blasphemy” in Britain was only applicable to Christianity (Mazrui, A., 1989). This is quite relevant since Rushdie’s novel was majorly being declared as blasphemous. Interestingly, these circumstances led to an unprecedented move by the chief rabbi of the United British Hebrew Congregation at the time; he called for legislation which asked for the prohibition of any publications which would result in a certain reaction “through obscene defamation, the feelings or beliefs of any section of society” (Mazrui, A., 1989).

The Satanic Verses incited riots, resulting in many deaths in Pakistan – and it was predicted that the number of casualties would have been 10 times that of Pakistan if The Satanic Verses was allowed to be published in India (Mazrui, A., 1989). This book was compared to “Mein Kampf” – Hitler’s anti-Jewish book; suggesting its extreme divisiveness in world politics.

Safia Khaled

Works Cited

Asad, T. (1990). Ethnography, Literature, and Politics: Some Readings and Uses of Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses. Cultural Anthropology, 5(3), 239-269. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/656508

Mazrui, A. (1989). MORAL DILEMMAS OF “THE SATANIC VERSES”. The Black Scholar, 20(2), 19-32. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41067617

Mazrui, A. (1990). The Satanic Verses or a Satanic Novel? Moral Dilemmas of the Rushdie Affair. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 15(1), 97-121. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40644672

Piscatori, J. (1990). The Rushdie Affair and the Politics of Ambiguity. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 66(4), 767-789. doi:10.2307/2620359

Other relevant readings

Hussain, A. (2002). Misunderstandings and Hurt: How Canadians Joined Worldwide Muslim Reactions to Salman Rushdie’s “The Satanic Verses”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion,70(1), 1-32. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1466367

Kunow, R. (2006). Architect of the cosmopolitan dream: Salman rushdie. Amerikastudien / American Studies, 51(3), 369-385.

Trousdale, R., & Trousdale, R. (2017). Salman rushdie and islamophobia. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 52(3), 439-454.

White Supremacism

Identification

White supremacists are a group of people with the belief that the white race is superior to any other race and that they should be given the rights to rule over their society. These supremacists have a large impact on the equality within America and around the world. The Ku Klux Klan has been a very influential supremacist group throughout history in the United States. They KKK was founded in 1865 and publicly reemerged in 1915. However, discrimination and racism has been around forever. This ‘Klan’ and all that they stand for continue to reappear as time goes on. White supremacy can be most dominantly seen in the United States, Germany, South Africa and Russia.

Historical Significance

The notion of white supremacy is important to be discussed because the people of a society need to become more aware of other’s belief systems, as well as how society itself has developed throughout history in ultimately encouraging racism within the country. This can be most predominately seen in the United States. The idea of white people being superior to other races and the ideology behind the Ku Klux Klan has been present for an extremely long time, although it may have been more dormant at different times. Recently, however, white supremacy has resurfaced in a more powerful way than imagined. Racism can be deeply rooted in American history and these previous events can still be present within any type of discrimination happening currently. The Ku Klux Klan historically express the growth of the United States as a powerful ‘white nation’ created by white people themselves. Some of these beliefs made, more notably by the Ku Klux Klan don’t believe that they are being racist. They think that black people should not complain about previous events in history that have happened and that their white race is being discriminated against in the same way that black people have and are currently suffering.

Key Historical Proposals

Throughout history, there has been many key characters who have spoken about, been a part of or tried to deter white supremacy. The most significant movement which supported the notion of white supremacy, is Nazism. This ideology, lead by Adolf Hitler, believed that the Aryan race was to be more powerful and superior to any other. Through this movement came the Holocaust, which attempted to destroy an entire race. This can be contradictory to Abraham Lincoln’s outlook on equality. This President was in charge of one of the most important civil rights movements in the United States. He is considered one of the most influential presidents due to the fact that he emancipated slavery and tried to establish and ensure a discriminatory free country. If you fast forward 152 years through American Presidencies, you can easily make comparisons to the 2017 President, Donald Trump. Throughout his time as President he has come across many displays of discrimination and white supremacy. As a result, President Trump has done nothing to deter these types of actions. There are many politicians or leaders, that have had their encounters with the notion of white supremacy. However, it is clear, the problems of the past are still present today.

Emily Srebot

 

Bibliography

McLemore, Dale. Racial and Ethnic Relations in America. Allyn and Bacon, 1991. Novick, Michael. White Lies White Power. Common Courage Press, 1995.

Pannell, William. The Coming Race Wars? A Cry for Reconciliation. Zondervan Publishing House, 1993.

Racism

Racism is said to be as old as human society itself. Since human beings have been on Earth, people have always disliked/hated people coming from a different race and/skin colour. This is just like saying that racism is apart of human nature.  People who feel like they are being threatened/intimidated are the ones that are mainly racist, most of the time. Racism is a specific form of oppression. It’s the discrimination against a group of people based on the notion that a characteristic such as skin colour, makes them inferior to their oppressors. Racism is definitely being used all over the world, but is very endemic/entrenched in the United States, as white supremacists want black people killed or out of America.

Racism is very important as it is very wrong to treat someone different because of their skin colour. It is also important because, there still isn’t enough awareness around the issue, as people are still racist today, and people of varying backgrounds are negatively affected by this issue. 25-40% of people said that they would discriminate against ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. (McKenzie, Kwame. “Racism and Health : Antiracism Is an Important Health Issue.” BMJ : British Medical Journal, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd,) It even happens sometimes in the workplace or even behind your back as well. Racism could also be taught down from many generations, especially from white supremacists, as their grandfathers taught them how to not be friends with other races other than your own. Racism’s history has influenced the contemporary moment as we see black and people of other nations protesting for equality and peace. The sad thing is that some people even think racism is dead and that the world is far more peaceful than before, which is quite a sad thing to consider.

We are seeing a lot more police brutality against people of different skin colour, still slave trade going on in many third-world/independent countries, and people of other skin colour really having to work twice as hard as other people in this world, due to what the people feeling threatened of you think of who you are. This ism could lighten past actions, beliefs and motivations if we all just treat each other like one big family, even if they look completely different from you. If we all stop with the prejudice suspicions and maybe even try to compromise by making a peace treaty possibly, the world would really change for the better. Racism was also something that heavily influenced policies and laws. So for a very long time, their were segregated schools, shopping malls, libraries and even more. This is still prevalent in contemporary societies because black and marginalized people encounter systemic barriers that affect their everyday life. White men were also more likely to get hired over people of colour.

Some people that approve of racism are Richard Spencer, Steve Bannon, Adolf Hitler, and Joseph Stalin. Richard Spencer is the President of the National Policy Institute, which is a white supremacist movement. Steve Bannon was the former chief adviser for Donald Trump. He was apart of the Alt-Right movement, which supports white supremacists, Neo-Natzis and Anti-Semites. Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party, who killed 8 million Jews during the Holocaust. Joseph Stalin was the former general of the Soviet Union who killed his own citizens in his own country.

Rosa Parks, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are just a few civil rights activists that were most associated in attacking racism. Rosa Parks was known for standing up for racism when she was assaulted for sitting on the front of the bus, instead of sitting in the back, where the black people were supposed to sit. This was really when people were starting to realize how bad discrimination really was, as people were watching her get beat. Civil right leaders now rose up and wanted to put an end to this horrible act. Nelson Mandela was the former president of South Africa who also stood up for human/civil rights and wanted peace all over the world, and especially in South Africa. Steve Biko was a South African activist who wanted peace in South Africa, just like Mandela, and was the leader of the Black Consciousness Party. Martin Luther King Jr. was known for his famous “I Have A Dream” speech in 1963, which was about black people and people of different nations being free and how everyone no matter what skin colour you have should be all together as a family. He also led the famous march, which consisted of a quarter million people wanting to have Civil Rights in America on the same day called the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. This was one of the largest political rallies in history. Malcolm X was known to be an amazing spokesperson and for symbolizing the “Black Power” notation, and also really motivating black people so they wouldn’t lose their dignity of who they are.

Tobi Osisanya

 

Bibliography

American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association,

McKenzie, Kwame. “Racism and Health : Antiracism Is an Important Health Issue.” BMJ : British Medical Journal, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 11 Jan. 2003,

Essed, Philomena, “Understanding Everyday Racism.” Sage Production, Google Books,

“Racism Is Poisoning Our Society.” Time, Time,

“The Roots of Racism.” SocialistWorker.org

History.com Staff. “March on Washington.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, 

Millward, David. “Who Was Steve Biko and Why Is He so Important to South Africa?” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 18 Dec. 2016,

White Supremacism

Identification (~100 words)

Supremacy is essentially the idea of superiority in comparison to anything else. White supremacism refers to the ideal that the caucasian race, or certain members within the caucasian race, is superior to any other class of people. This belief has roots in the idea of a genetic superiority and distinction over other races. There are certain groups that can be associated to this idea, such as the Ku Klux Klan, and Neo-Nazis. We can see the acts of white supremacism both historically and in the modern day in several European countries, parts of Africa, and the Western world.

Historical significance (~200 words)

The importance of white supremacism, in a historical sense, can most effectively be seen during America’s civil right movement. In particular, the actions attacking the idea of white superiority and promoting the equality between whites and minorities shaped the discourse of the past. From the early 14th century and onwards, there have been examples of segregation against the African American people over the basis of white superiority. Because the white Americans felt a superiority over the African Americans, they made laws to give themselves more rights, power and control over them. We can see the agitation that this segregation created through the protests and action of the African American people that eventually led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which essential face purpose was to give people equal rights regardless of colour, race, gender and so forth. This move legally stopped white supremacism, but didn’t stop the forces and ideologies that caused and supported it in politics. After the Civil Rights Act was passed, the African American community still faced political hardships in regard to how much actual representation they received, and ended up migrating across the U.S from the south, changing primarily black communities into more equal ones while also increasing their numbers across the United States.

 

Key historical proponents (~200 words)

Adolf Hitler 1933-1945 reign, Germany: Adolf Hitler believed in an Aryan nation superior to all others. He believed that amongst the caucasian race, there was an even more distinct race of people of European descent. He expressed this ideology in his Nazism politics, the most infamous example of this is expressed in his treatment of the Jewish race.

Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968, America: Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights activists who was extremely against the White Supremacist ideologies and actions that the United States was enacting. He became the face of civil rights during his life and has been associated with the idea of equality between the African American and Caucasian people.

Gurwinder Sidhu

 

Bibliography

Morris, Charles. The Aryan race: its origin and its achievements. n.p.: Delhi, 1988. Bibliography of Asian Studies, EBSCOhost (accessed October 10, 2017).

Banks, T. L. (2014). Still Drowning in Segregation: Limits of Law in Post-Civil Rights America. Law & Inequality, 32(2), 215.

de Jong, G. (2005). Staying in place: black migration, the Civil Rights Movement, and the War on Poverty in the rural South. The Journal Of African American History, (4), 387.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism is based on Charles Darwin’s law of Natural Selection, which was first mentioned in his book The Origin of Species which was published in 1859. The law of Natural Selection coined the term “Survival of the Fittest”, which says that only those who are best suited, both physically and mentally, to their environment will live long enough to pass on their genes. Darwin used this to explain the diversity within animals and how qualities were developed, also the reasons that some genes die off. Social Darwinism was developed in 1864, by a group of people who wanted to view society the same way as Darwin viewed the animal world. Originally, Social Darwinism was used to support the idea of a Laissez Fair economy and warn against government interference in the marketplace since it encourages individual competition. Though as time progressed, racists, imperialist and eugenist used Social Darwinism to justify segregation and discrimination between two parties, as one was viewed as better. In the late 19^th century, eugenist saw the rich as being the “fit” and the poor as being “unfit”, the eugenist believed that disease, poverty and crime were largely due to hereditary traits.  The eugenist used this theory to limit the reproduction in the lower social classes. It is important to note, that while Social Darwinism originated in England, it had the biggest impact in Germany. The idea of Social Darwinism quickly became a welcomed theory amongst the German intellectuals. Social Darwinism was important in the formation of Nazi ideology in Germany, as it allowed for people rationalise targeting the Jewish people. In Mishra’s novel Age of Anger, he mentions that Non-Western men and women that had been educated in a Western style learning environment, believed in Social Darwinism, because they were obsessed with finding independence and power in a world full of powerful nations. Social Darwinism originated as a way to encourage free-market economies and limiting government interference in the market. Though as the power imbalance, both globally and domestically grew, Social Darwinism was used to justify the segregation of certain people due to “unfavourable traits” such as culture, race, or economic standing.

Tanya Hodkinson

 

Bibliography

Halliday, R. J. “Social Darwinism: A Definition.” Victorian Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, 1971, pp. 389– 405. JSTOR, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3825958.

Rogers, James Allen. “Darwinism and Social Darwinism.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 33, no. 2, 1972, pp. 265–280. JSTOR, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708873.

Simpson, George E. “Darwin and ‘Social Darwinism.’” The Antioch Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 1959, pp. 33– 45. JSTOR, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4610123.

Weikart, Richard. “The Origins of Social Darwinism in Germany, 1859-1895.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 54, no. 3, 1993, pp. 469–488. JSTOR, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710024.

Wells, D. Collin. “Social Darwinism.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 12, no. 5, 1907, pp. 695– 716. JSTOR, JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2762378.

Fascism

Identification:

Fascism is a form of political behaviour marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion. The 20th century totalitarian sense probably came directly from this but was influenced by the historical Roman fasces, which became the party symbol. A popular example of a Fascist leader would be Benito Mussolini. A more recent fascist leader would be Adolf Hitler.

 

Historical Significance:

Fascism is historically significant, because it was the political party responsible for the

holocaust. Adolf Hitler gained power over Germany, and turned it into a fascist state. By taking these powers, Hitler’s government was able to control factors such as inflation and unemployment that had caused considerable distress in previous years. Fascism is like no other political belief, as it includes next to no freedoms. Individuals had no freedom to protest in Hitler’s Germany. All political organizations were either banned or under the control of the Nazis. Many people think of Adolf Hitler when thinking of the term fascism, because of the horrible results of his leadership. It is estimated that over six million Jews were murdered during World War Two as a result of Hitler gaining power over Germany. Because of the horrible genocide during the second world war, it is hopeful that future leaders learn from these mistakes and do not make them again. The Holocaust set an example for just the type of leader that should not be in power. This is the reason fascist leaders are not common in the twenty first century.

 

Key Historical Proponents:

As stated before, two of the most popular political actors associated with the term fascism are Benito Mussolini, who in 1919, founded the Fasci di Combattimento–the original Fascist movement, and Adolf Hitler, a man who gained power over Germany and used that power to commit a mass genocide during the second world war. A very well known example of a fascist state, Nazi Germany, occurred during the second world war in the years 1933-1945. This all came to an end when Adolf Hitler committed suicide, and the remaining Jewish slaves were rescued from concentration camps. Adolf Hitler was not the only fascist dictator with power during World War Two. Benito Mussolini was an Italian dictator, who aspired to dominate the Mediterranean area. He was in power when Italy’s Fascist War took place. This war is generally not as well know as the holocaust, because it was overlooked. This is because postwar recollections and historical writing have tended to concentrate on the events of 1943 to 1945, rather than on the preceding period.

Jaime Byers

 

Bibliography

Bryant, Mark. “Drafting Il Duce: Mark Bryant profiles the brilliant wartime cartoonist who chronicled the actions of Italy’s Fascist leader.” History Today, vol. 59, no. 10, 2009, p. 52+. Academic OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.dop=AONE&sw=w&u=ocul_mcmaster&v=2.1&id=GALE %7CA209900329&it=r&asid=672742602cb46127d6a50de03995041f. Accessed 16 Oct.

2017.

Harper, Douglas. “Fascism (n.).” Index, 2017, http://www.etymonline.com/word/fascism. Accessed 15 Oct. 2017.

John Simkin. “German Fascism.” Spartacus Educational, Spartacus Educational, 2016,

spartacus-educational.com/GERfascist.htm. Accessed 16 Oct. 2017.

Magilow, Daniel H. “Counting to six million: collecting projects and Holocaust memorialization.” Jewish Social Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, p. 23+. Academic OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=ocul_mcmaster&v=2.1&id=GALE %7CA179570815&it=r&asid=5277b09a7267908f9e3a16799fe8f740. Accessed 16 Oct.

2017.

Morgan, Philip. “Italy’s Fascist war: Philip Morgan explains why Italians have tended to gloss over the period 1940-43, when Mussolini fought against the Allies, preferring to remember the years of German occupation 1943-45.” History Today, vol. 57, no. 3, 2007, p. 40+. Academic OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.dop=AONE&sw=w&u=ocul_mcmaster&v=2.1&id=GALE %7CA171657322&it=r&asid=a2907e300271fbf3f5f4261c03783908. Accessed 16 Oct.

2017.